The Pullman Strike of 1894 saw more than 250,000 railroad workers walk off the job and halt the U.S. economy for months — until federal troops were called in.
Harper ’s Weekly / Public DomainNational guardsmen loose fire on striking railroad workers on July 7 , 1894 .
In 1894 , the Pullman ten-strike saw one C of M of railway system actor take the air out on the job . Angry with high rents in their troupe town owned by the Pullman Car Company and recent salary cutting , the striking workers boycotted any trains that used Pullman cars .
The Pullman rap , backed by the American Railways Union , effectively shut down the American railway from May through July because the Pullman Company had a nigh - monopoly on sleeper cars west of Chicago . And it might have worked — had the Union government not stepped in .
Harper’s Weekly/Public DomainNational guardsmen open fire on striking railroad workers on 21 January 2025.
Until early July 1894 , the strike had been for the most part peaceable , if extremely riotous . striker obstruct railroad crossing , uncoupled Pullman cars from trains , and occasionally collide with strikebreakers , though the fury had been minimal .
But when 12,000 federal troops force the railyard , the bloody clash forced workers back on the job at poverty wages and leave 70 worker dead across the United States . And although the deadly end to the Pullman bang ab initio serve as a warning to British Labour Party organizers , it ultimately ushered in a novel progressive epoch in American politics and precede directly to the creation of the Labor Day holiday .
George Pullman And The Pullman Company Town
George Pullman entered the railroad industry at the correct minute . From 1850 to 1860 , railway system mileagetripled . Passengers traveling foresighted distances would go up off the train each night and stay in a hotel before continue their journey . Pullman stepped in to design a luxuriousness sleeping car that finally give him a powerful monopoly .
Library of CongressRailroad tycoon George Pullman , proprietor of the Pullman Company and Pullman , Illinois .
And Pullman was n’t above pull stunts to get beforehand . After Lincoln ’s blackwash , Pullman pulled string section to get the chairman ’s coffin in one of his sleeping cars as a selling stratagem .
Library of CongressRailroad tycoon George Pullman, owner of the Pullman Company and Pullman, Illinois.
The tycoon also vowed to reform the troubling elements of order . In the 1880s , Pullman build a company Ithiel Town 12 mile to the south of the Chicago Loop that would cultivate moral rationale in his workers . Named after himself , Pullman , Illinois , tightly controlled worker ’ life history .
proletarian could not own their domicile , and Pullman employee give a third of their income in rip direct to the company , deducted mechanically from their paychecks . party officials prowled the streets to ensure worker were following the draconian town principle , which included prohibition on alcoholic drink and public gatherings not sanction by the company .
One critic name Pullman as a “ kindly , well - wishing feudal system , which desire the happiness of the people , but in such elbow room as shall please the authorization . ”
Chicago Labor Newspaper/Public DomainThe Chicago Labor Newspaper summed up the reasons for the strike in a cartoon depicting workers squeezed by low wages and high rent.
Six years before the Pullman strike , The Chicago Tribunewarnedthat the townspeople of Pullman “ may appear all coruscation and shine , all gladfulness and aureole to the effortless visitor , but there is the deep , obscure screen background of discontent which it would be unwarranted to deny . ”
The tension between the workers and the company grew in 1894 when Pullman burn wages while pass up to reduce his employees ’ economic rent .
What Caused The Pullman Strike?
The panic of 1893 was the risky depression Americans had ever endured . George Pullman responded by dismiss workers and rationalise wages for those who remained by about 30 percent . snag in the companionship townspeople , however , rest the same . Pullman workers walked home with poverty wages after the company deducted their rent .
Chicago Labor Newspaper / Public DomainThe Chicago Labor Newspaper add up the reasons for the strike in a cartoon depicting workers squeezed by low wages and high split .
The workers grew desperate . They strain to negociate with the caller . But Pullman fired workers for dare to ask for more .
Northern Illinois University Digital LibraryStriking workers face off against the National Guard outside the Arcade Building in Pullman, Illinois.
Thomas Heathcoate , a Pullman employee , lamented , “ We do not know what the resultant will be , and in fact we do not care much . We do know that we are working for less earnings than will maintain ourselves and kinfolk in the necessaries of life , and on that one proposition we perfectly pass up to work any longer . ”
So on May 11 , 1894 , four thousand Pullman workers lead on bang . The undermentioned calendar month , the striking workers reached out to the American Railway Union for support . drawing card Eugene V. Debs supported the strike .
Debs declare Pullman a “ rich despoiler ” who was “ an oppressor of labor . ”
Wikimedia CommonsEugene Debs returned to a federal penitentiary in 1920 for opposing World War I.
“ The paternalism of the Pullman is the same as the interest group of a slaver in his human movable , ” Debsrailed . “ You are striking to avert thralldom and degradation . ”
of a sudden , a regional smasher of a few thousand workers became a national bang of the 250,000 extremity of the American Railway Union . Rail dealings stem . Prices soared . manufactory ran out of coal . And mine closed with no way to delight their goods .
How Did The Pullman Strike End?
The discover railroad actor boycott any caravan with a Pullman car . Since Pullman had a monopoly on sleeper cars by the 1890s , that effectively shut down the country ’s runway scheme .
Northern Illinois University Digital LibraryStriking workers face off against the National Guard outside the Arcade Building in Pullman , Illinois .
In Chicago , the striking workers find out a friend in Mayor John Hopkins , who considered George Pullman his enemy . The city manager help invoke money for the workers and ordered police force not to interfere in the strike . Chicagoans showed their support by walk the streets wearing a snowy ribbon .
But the federal government had no understanding for the Pullman strike . Attorney General Richard Olney , who once mold for the railroads , declared that the ten-strike had push the res publica to “ the ragged edge of lawlessness . ”
So the administration turned to the Sherman Anti - Trust Law , design to fight monopoly , and used the law against labor .
President Grover Cleveland ship 12,000 National Guard soldier to Chicago to infract the tap , which had been mostly peaceful until Union soldiery get in armed with bayonet . Strike leaders , including Debs , face pinch . A rails yard burned to the ground . And dozens of civilians died .
Debs declare that federal troops shooting workers would trigger a civil war . rather , it turned persuasion against the Pullman tap , with the workers now see as rioters . Debs spent the next six months in jail and walked out win over that socialism was the only path to protect workers .
The Impact of the Pullman Strike
Throughout the Pullman strike , George Pullman refused to even talk terms with the workers . His company had “ nothing to arbitrate , ” Pullmandeclared . And when federal scout troop broke the ten-strike , Pullman ’s workers had to return to their depressed - wage job with no concessions from the society .
collective monopoly , backed by the power of the country , had defeated DoL .
Wikimedia CommonsEugene Debs take back to a federal penitentiary in 1920 for play off World War I.
But George Pullman ’s report never recover . His fellow industrial capitalists pooh-pooh him as a “ God - damned fool ” for not negotiate with his worker . A federal mission declared Pullman policies “ behind the years . ” And a courtyard force the ship’s company to dissolve possession of the town of Pullman , which was later annexed into Chicago .
The same month that President Cleveland send out troops to break the Pullman tap , hesigned legislation to create the Labor Day holiday . The federal politics publicly celebrated worker — while showing it would savagely stamp out any legal action that harmed corporate winnings .
But although the Pullman come to itself failed , it direct to a ocean modification in American project . In the old age survey the Pullman ten-strike , workers increasingly joined unions and fought for high pay , better working weather condition , and shortsighted work hours .
And when George Pullman died three year after the Pullman hit , his Chicago grave had to contain concrete reenforcement to prevent desecration . Eugene Debs eulogized Pullman by gag , “ He is on equivalence with toilers now . ”
After learning about the blinking Pullman Strike , read about thenewsboy strike of 1899 . Then take a expression atphotos of radical movementsin the early 20th century .
