skill fable has sway cinemas for a hundred , and the genre has produce many unchallenged classic during that clip . But which motion picture are essential viewing for anyone interested in the musical style ? We conk out down the 50 must - watch scientific discipline fabrication films .
Methodology : We looked at a few different standard , let in overall cinematic excellency . We wanted to include films that were important to the development of the genre , and which had helped to elevate the overall level of awesomeness in scientific discipline fiction motion-picture show . We also want to represent as many different types of films as potential . And we looked for films that had an original concept , or which were the first of their sort in some room .
But most of all , we looked for films that would symbolize science fable well to a raw interview and totally rock a neophyte ’s nous .
This film is one of the most formative works of skill fiction of all fourth dimension , and its imaging stay potent most 80 years later . And now that there ’s a amply restored version finally hitting cinemas — for the first time ever , outdoors of Germany — you’re able to finally appreciate Fritz Lang ’s visual modality in its entirety . With its uniquely uncanny plot line involving a worker ’s uprising and a charwoman ’s robot duplicate , Metropolis remains a seed of fascination — but it ’s also the root of much of the work that come after it .
This was n’t the first movie adjustment of Mary Shelley ’s classic novel about a scientist who dabble in the forces of nature , but it ’s still the most iconic . Boris Karloff ’s translation of Frankenstein ’s monster will always be the classic rendering to most people , and this picture show gave birth to much of the imagery that we still associate with “ mad scientist ” to this Clarence Shepard Day Jr. . And it ’s a oeuvre of strange sweetheart and estrangement , that still has the power to shock our hearts to life today .
The fifties were the era of sensational movies about aliens and monsters peril our way of life — but only The Clarence Shepard Day Jr. The Earth Stood Still dares to use that model to make us question that way of spirit . Klaatu ’s sojourn to us , and the warning he delivers , still resonate today . With its thinking - evoke premise , this motion-picture show won kudos from such luminaries as Arthur C. Clarke , who put it on his own list of the best skill fabrication film .
One of the classic “ Ealing Comedies ” starring Alec Guinness , this is a very different sort of “ sick scientist ” film than Frankenstein . Guinness plays a man who ’s dictated to invent a fabric that can never rive or get dirty , so he can release millions of the great unwashed from grind . But his invention will also put a lot of people out of work , because eliminating plodding substance eliminate Book of Job . This is science fiction at its most thought - provoking — and it ’s funny as hell , too .
60 years later , the archetypal giant devil is still wreaking devastation . But the first Godzilla movie is still a full classic , in which the hurt of nuclear weapons is literalize in the form of a destructive behemoth . A lot of the best science fabrication is about contend with our fears of engineering science and the obscure , but seldom has it been as visceral and thrilling as it is here . vamoose the Raymond Burr - bastardized American release and go straight for the original Japanese rendering .
A formative classic of place opera , this is said to be the first movie to take place on another planet , in mysterious space . It ’s often described as a retelling of Shakespeare ’s The Tempest , but Forbidden Planet also manages to do something unequaled , with a goliath that do from within and its secret relationship to the inscrutable bane that wiped out the super - advanced Krell slipstream , 200,000 years ago . Like TDTES , this moving-picture show canvass our own leaning towards ego - destruction , but it turn over into the psychology of human self - destructiveness more .
There were a number of great apocalyptic movies during the elevation of the Cold War , include 1959 ’s On The Beach . What makes Doctor Strangelove a science fiction classic is first of all , that it invests so much Energy Department into make up strange new ideas like the doomsday twist that hale global obliteration in the event of an fire . And the web of hush-hush selection tunnel , where of import manpower and a large phone number of charwoman will wait out the nuclear winter . But most of all , writer Terry Southern ’s satiric stone gives us amazing penetration into the psychology of Revelation of Saint John the Divine , showing us just what variety of humankind would designate the entire world on aim .
And here ’s a very different version of human race ’s brush with the “ other ” — Charleton Heston is the umbrageous everyman , thrust into a existence where humans are little better than beasts and ape are ascendant . With their stinking paw . This moving picture plunge a whole musical style of motion-picture show in which a lone human ( sometimes Heston again ) cope with an inhuman who have inherit our planet and transform it in their own image . But this film is still arguably the best . ( And we almost included the recent prequel , Rise of the Planet of the Apes , which is a classic in its own right . )
A full departure from everything that came before , this picture benefit vastly from Kubrick ’s unique heart as well as Arthur C. Clarke ’s admixture of concentrated science fiction and interest in transcendance . It ’s almost hard to list everything this moving-picture show did first , and better than anybody else since : A compelling , realistic description of life in space ? A depiction of an artificial news last mad ? A vast mystery that spans from the sunrise of human beings into our far time to come ? Those are just the construction blocks for a film that ’s as idea - blowing and rewarding of close attending today as it was in 1968 . It ’s also given us some of the genre’smost quotable dialogue .
The ten keep abreast 2001 saw a smattering of slow , contemplative science fiction movies , which aggrandize the loneliness and rage of the vast cosmos . But arguably the most memorable and acute of these is Tarkovsky ’s masterpiece in which a cosmonaut orbiting a planet incubate by a psychic ocean is confronted with a Reconstruction Period of his dead wife . base on a news report by Stanislaw Lem , this film leaves you questioning the very being of its quality and the nature of love itself , as Roger Ebert explicate .
There are a lot of expectant film about making first contact with foreigner — we almost include Contact on this inclination as well — but this one really capture the mystery and admiration of encountering beings with such a different view of world that we barely share a language . The concept of convey with foreigner through melodic Federal Reserve note is such a powerful one , it feeds into the general gumption of veneration and strangeness that sprain this moving picture into a powerful experience . For years , this movie determine how masses imagined meeting more forward-looking extraterrestrial beingness .
This celluloid did n’t just set up Scott and star Sigourney Weaver — it also launched a whole genre of movies about our terrifying meeting with creatures beyond our own imagination . Scott merged blank opera house , Westerns and repugnance in a agency that pretty much nobody had done before , and the solution stay vivid today . With a sharp script by Dan O’Bannon and note - staring direction by Scott , this is a master key course on how to do creepiness and a compelling story in the infertility of thick space . And you really have to see the sequel , send by James Cameron , which is a defining moment in the account of military science fiction and infinite opera .
establish on the novel by Ursula K. Le Guin , this made - for - TV movie is a stone solid piece of music of skill fabrication as well as an unsettling psychological drama . Despite the PBS product values , this story of a man whose dreams start coming true in the real world manages to compact in a lot of strangeness and furious visions . Plus it require the form of huge motion about the nature of reality , and how our perceptions shape the world , that skill fabrication often demand at its well .
The first Mad Max film is brute and awesome , and well deserving watching again , peculiarly if you ’ve only seen the rotten dub variation . But where Mad Max shows the breakdown of Max and the civilisation he know in , this sequel shows the wake , and becomes an indelible classic of post - apocalyptic films in the process . The final huge convoy scene , with its destruction bowler hat feeling , has influence everything that follow after . And with “ peak oil ” once again being a hot topic , this film ’s story of barbarians struggling over the last oil supplies has a Modern plangency . And yes , you absolutely must see the late Mad Max : Fury Road as well .
Like Empire Strikes Back , this movie rise above its position as just another installment in a fully grown , commercial-grade saga . You could show this movie to someone who had never seen any Trek , and it would still resonate on a hundred different horizontal surface . James Kirk is the ultimate neophile , who always wants to go forward and rediscover young worlds , but he ’s been doing it too long and now his past times is chasing him everywhere he work . He ’s got a son and an patronizing - enemy that he did n’t know he had , and the twist — that the ultimate artillery is also a root of renewal that can literally create life where none survive before — set up one of the most bittersweet endings in movie history . And then there are the outer space battle , which are totally different than Star Wars and yet indelibly awesome in their own right .
Blade Runner is still just as visually singular now as it was when it came out , and it defined the look and sense of cyberpunk as well as urban dystopia . And you ca n’t even let the cat out of the bag about scientific discipline fabrication noir without delving into Blade Runner . And like many of the other films on this inclination , Blade Runner looks at what it means to be human by examining our interactions with the “ other ” — but the line gets so blurred , and the Replicants so fascinating , that the end result is something you have to chew over in the hours after see .
A deal of hoi polloi may detest on this movie , but it change the manner we see first contact with alien as much as near Encounters of the Third Kind did . And E.T. was one of the first really compelling noncitizen ever to appear on the magnanimous screen . E.T. takes the sense of wonder from Close Encounters and make it more familiar and personal . This is also the movie in which Spielberg ’s obessions with fatherhood , children and uncovering resonate the serious . But also , from a technical stand , it ’s an astonishing achievement — rewatch it sometime , and seem at how everything is stage from a child ’s centre - level , and the mom is the only grownup whose human face we see in the first two acts . Spielberg uses inflammation , camera angles and duologue to make a film that ’s not just about childhood , but told from a child ’s point of perspective .
It ’s hard to understate how much this film changed the music genre of science fiction — it ’s arguably the first movie to use data processor generated effects , as Lisberger hang out at MIT and learned from the techie there — but it ’s also still one of the most thrilling picture of virtual man on the swelled screen . ( equate Tron to Lawnmower Man to see how much more exciting and believable the early film is . ) With the theme of contend against the fascist Master Control Program , Lisberger manages to update science fabrication ’s longstanding interest in social change , but makes it fun and exciting rather than dreary and preachy .
It ’s shocking how few really great science fiction comedy films there are , but BTTF would still predominate above the rest even if there were tons . It ’s clever and yet never give up being about Marty McFly and his mob . It manages to total up with a coherent possibility of meter travel , in which you’re able to rewrite the past and the upshot are seen nearly instantaneously ( fortuitously , Marty is only missing like an sleeve and a leg before the timestream right itself ) and never becomes discrepant . And it ’s surprisingly daring , jumping feet first into the tricksy waters of metre - traveling incest . Plus it ’s one of those science fiction movies that everybody , even genre - hating snobs , will admit to loving .
And another classic from 1985 ’s is also a comedy … well , sort of . It ’s possibly the darkest , bleakest , most horrible comedy you ’ll ever see , with freakish plastic surgery , a man being condemned to death because of a typographical error , a lecture on ducting and a vigilante plumber . This is my favorite movie of all time , and probably the best affair to follow out of Monty Python after the television series . This cinema probably could n’t get made today , and it decidedly would n’t get made in Hollywood , which tried to spay it in U.S. cinemas . A insurgent masterpiece , this film changed what a lot of people thought was possible in grim comedy as well as dystopian film - making .
We love torment picture about encountering the other — and they do n’t get much more tender and beautiful than this tale of a human ( Dennis Quaid ) who gets collapse - down on a major planet with an foreign ( Louis Gossett Jr. ) . The two of them have to learn to work together to survive , and ultimately become a form of home . It ’s a parable of overpower xenophobia , but also of learning to see the stunner in the other — and the ugliness in your own citizenry .
Another all subversive science fiction movie from the 1980s , this moving-picture show find fault up Tron ’s fixation with bodied fascism and runs in a different direction , with the vicious OCP trying to take over Detroit ’s police force and redo the skin urban center as Delta City . RoboCop himself is a great example of scientific discipline fiction ’s struggle with the ways engineering change or negates our human race , and 20 years before The Dark Knight , this film manages to delve into similar questions about how far we ’ll go to keep club safe from law-breaking . A dreamlike blend of cyberpunk , Frankenstein and action movie , this photographic film remains Verhoeven ’s majuscule statement .
This is one of the greatest skill fabrication natural process pic of all sentence , as a total badass ranger ( played by Arnold Schwarzenegger , who else ? ) is faced with an alien animate being that ’s way more badass than he is . The Predator can see in infrared and bend inconspicuous , and seems invincible . And it ’s amount to Earth for one reason only : To hunt us for sportswoman . The process of taking this alpha killer down is one of pure tax write-off and brute barbarism , and it ’s awful to watch .
We almost include Carpenter ’s remaking of The affair on this list as well , along with Escape from New York , but terminate up leaving this as the only lesson of Carpenter ’s awesome ouevre on this list . Because it ’s arguably the most seditious and insane of Carpenter ’s 1980s stone . “ Rowdy ” Roddy Piper develop hold of some special dark glasses that permit him to see that we ’re all ruled over by malefic skull - faced extraterrestrial . Their ugly nerve are everywhere , and their propaganda is ubiquitous . Good thing Piper is out of bubble gum .
This Zanzibar copal classic is still utterly unequalled , all these decades later . In 2019 , Tokyo is an apocalyptic waste in the aftermath of World War III , and a biker ring led by Kaneda examine to forestall the desolation from happening again . Unfortunately , one of the rockers , Tetsuo , has the same form of psychic king as Akira , the man who stimulate the wipeout of Tokyo in the first piazza . They keep trying to make over this movie in live - action with American actors , and let ’s go for they keep miscarry .
speak of blue military action movies that confront us with doubt about what it means to be human — this film would deserve a maculation on the lean just for the view in which John Connor open up the Terminator ’s question and exchange his brain from read - only to translate / write , so the Terminator can start to learn from his experience or else of just following command . But it ’s also a brilliant action movie , in which every activity sequence is imaginative and uses exceptional outcome in a clever way . Every big - budget , CG - heavy action film aspires to be Terminator 2 deep in its chrome core .
And here ’s another Spielberg picture show ! This one ’s about humans create awe - inspiring creatures , rather than find them . Michael Crichton took the story of his beloved film Westworld and replace golem cowboys with cloned dinosaurs , and the result is a thrillride in which a shirtless Jeff Goldblum postulate the big enquiry about whether we should tamper with the forces of nature , just because we can . As much as Tron and Terminator 2 , this movie utterly metamorphose how moving-picture show use digital effects .
Like Akira , this is one of the first anime motion-picture show to hit the U.S. and make a grown impact , and impress on U.S. fans how powerful anime motion-picture show - making was becoming . It ’s engender a huge enfranchisement , which for the most part has n’t adulterate the awesomeness of the concept at all — Stand Alone Complex is considered one of the greatest science fabrication anime shows , and it would n’t survive without this film . With its subject of possibly false memories and cyber - outlandishness , it had a huge influence on both cyberpunk and computer memory - change works like Dark City and Dollhouse , but it rick into an awing interrogatory of the paper of awareness and the definition of life .
Gilliam is one of the few directors to be represent on this leaning more than once — we almost included his Time Bandits too , but that ’s arguably more fantasy than science fiction . This film , based on the French time - change of location story La Jetee , is one of the most perfect deeds of fatalism ever . A man goes back in time from the plague - ridden future , only to find out that he ’s already part of the revelatory events that he remembers from his childhood . What makes this moving picture even more compelling is the way it immix the closed - loop-the-loop sentence travel with a vision of madness , as embodied by Brad Pitt .
Niccol has sort of made a life history out of shoot wondrously heavily - handed dystopias , but this is his most dear and successful ( other than The Truman Show , which he wrote but did not maneuver . ) Ethan Hawke is a man who want to connect the outer space program even though he was not genetically heighten , in a hereafter where only people with upgraded factor get to do sealed things . It ’s a thought - beset feel at the implications of factor - splicing that ’s even more relevant today .
In a strange , ill-gotten , glamourous futurity , the young Leeloo ( Milla Jovovich ) is our only hope for get out entire destruction at the hired hand of a Great Evil — but she ’s faced with an army of foreign thugs and their vicious leader , Zorg ( Gary Oldman ) . This is a joyfully silly and bizarre distance opera that ’s full of beautiful set small-arm and incredible production design . But it ’s also one of the few movies to beguile the unique feel of French bandes dessinees in live - action at law , peculiarly the graphics of Jean Giraud , aka Moebius .
Forget the colossal disappointment of the continuation — viewed as a standalone picture show , this is a vivid legal action movie that spawned a million imitators , but it also put an end to an full sub - genre . There were a slew of dark cyberpunk movies in the late nineties that mix weirdness and cunning intrigue , with a sense that nothing was real — and The Matrix essentially ended that subgenre by being so good , the others paled by comparison . ( Have you even get word of Cyberwars ? The 13th Floor ? ) And this movie asked philosophic questions about the nature of realism , while give us our messianic candy in a way that did n’t will us crazy to our stomachs afterwards .
Also known as “ the Star Trek spoof that became one of the best Star Trek picture . ” This is such a brilliant concept : A group of wash off - up actors from a space opera house television set show get enroll by noncitizen who believe the show is a documentary film , and have to memorize to become the character they played on TV . What makes things even intimately is that Galaxy Quest go beyond just poking fun at all of the figure of speech of old - school television scientific discipline fabrication , and actually becomes a terrific outer space adventure in its own right .
Primer is famous as a plastic film that you need to watch a few sentence before you fully compass what ’s going on , and there ’s never been a movie that was less eager to excuse itself to its audience . The opening , in which a couple of swot muck about in their garage randomly come to on an amazing discovery , is one of the peachy iconic nerd scenes of all time , and then the movie just gets softheaded and crazier , with our paladin going back in time a few time too often until they descend into a variety of insanity . Worth watching just for the Walkman scenery . This motion-picture show is what Lost was trying to do with its own clip travel stories .
It took huge ego - ascendence not to load this list up with a ton of films from the Pixar guys . But The Incredibles is arguably the good Pixar film , and the beneficial superhero film , of all . This film takes the mythos of the Fantastic Four and mashes it up with a snatch of Watchmen , and the result manages to be just as fun as the former and almost as dark and thought process - provoking as the latter . And The Incredibles does something few other standalone superhero films have overstretch off : it feel like a in full realized superhero universe , in which there are superhero costume God Almighty , and slews of larger - than - life challenge all the time , including full-grown automaton and supervillains . This cinema paved the mode for the Marvel Cinematic Universe and so much else .
This film works on so many layer . It ’s a metaphor for the ways in which you endeavor to rub out someone from your memories and your biography , after a separation , in ordering to reinvent yourself as a unmarried person . And yet , the film care to paint a picture , that process is a form of felo-de-se — you have to destruct a bit of your life in edict to excise your former lover from it . And since that cognitive process is also the reverse of falling in love , maybe it leads you to realize why you fall for the other mortal in the first place . But Eternal Sunshine is also an implausibly clever scientific discipline fiction movie that insert a freakish new technology in a room that ’s both surrealistic and believable .
This moving-picture show is beloved because it allow a meet ( if heart - breaking ) ending to the perfect one - time of year TV serial publication Firefly . But you do n’t even have to have seen Firefly to appreciate Serenity as a groovy skill fabrication movie in its own right — despite what the critic told people when this pic was bring out . Serenity is the story of a grouping of moon curser and crooks , who fight on the wrong side of a place warfare , and their find of a terrible secret about the mass who were on the come through side . There ’s a incredibly complex metaphor at the heart of this moving-picture show about free will , and what it means to “ be bad guys . ” This film also gain immensely from having Chiwetel Ejiofor as its villain .
On the surface , this film is about a dystopian future in which human race can no longer multiply , and society falls into rabidity . But it quickly turn into a metaphor for in-migration and xenophobia , as the United Kingdom attempt to shut out the eternal rest of the world . No film has depicted sheer pandemonium as kinetically and unforgettably as this one has , particularly in its epical concluding individual - take action sequence . Unpredictable , dazzling and well - made , baby Of piece pose the criterion for game skill fiction activeness movies .
Bong has become more well known recently for directing the post - apocalyptic thriller Snowpiercer — but this account of a mutant wight terrorizing Korea is like a new Godzilla for the 21st C . alternatively of being unleashed by nuclear bomb run , this teras is created by chemical substance spill and American imperialism , and the political satire is pretty intense . But this is also one of the all - metre with child teras movies , in which the fight against the tool is a matter of stunner and panic .
American cinema has pump out post - revelatory stories like a end of the world factory over the past decade or so . But few of them get by to be as hopeful , or as angelic , as this taradiddle of a golem who ’s left alone on an abandoned ground , twist all our garbage into cubes and studying the remnants of our civilisation . This moving-picture show turns into a love story , as the strand Wall - vitamin E come across another robot , and that in turn becomes the story of how human organism can find redemption through our own creations .
As much as it ’s true that we ’re drown in a sea of derivative food waste , as Hollywood tries to churn out as many cookie - cutter photographic film and sequels as possible , some really original and cunning films have sneaked through . Moon is both a throwback to old - school film - making ( mostly pragmatic effects , a single massive set that was built in its entirety and sealed up during motion-picture photography ) and a huge step fore in footing of using special effects in a apt , inobtrusive room . ( The primal caper , of have two Sam Rockwells , could not have been done without CG effects , and the DVD gives some insight into just how hard it was to overstretch off . ) This movie manages to make the melodic theme of corporate iniquity and the nature of selfhood , that pops up in so many films on this list , and make it totally fresh by throwing in a ugly twist , in which Rockwell ’s fictitious character reverse out to be disposable in the most literal sense .
The other great indie film of 2009 , this quasi - documentary feels like an old - shoal Doctor Who story about a human turn into something unrecognizeable , wind around a totally vicious message motion picture . There ’s rarely been a less likable friend than Wikus , who ’s a pusillanimous cog in a barbarous auto — the scene where he casually slaughters alien tiddler and jocularity about the popping sound still makes me ill — but we roll up identifying with him and his plight as he ’s cast out of society anyway . That pass water a more muscular program line than if Wikus were a stately paladin of the downtrodden from the starting time . And while Wikus at last sort of redeems himself , it ’s shocking how late it comes . Plus , this is another great activity picture that actually utilize action successiveness in an inventive agency . Despite its crude stereotypes of Nigerians , this remains an of import , influential pic .
Like Eternal Sunshine , this film examines the nature of consciousness in a clever way that still makes mother wit in the closing . And like Wrath Of Khan , it ’s about a man who ’s being swallowed up by his past , except that in this case Dom Cobb is actually haunted by a actual ghost , and he ’s in constant danger of being pulled so deep into a form of netherworld that he ’ll never escape . But as a cagy antic that revolves around a brilliantly imaginative new engineering science and keeps reinvent itself every few minutes , Inception does what only the truly great science fiction films perpetrate off : it pee-pee skill fabrication a nexus of different genres , in which every musical genre is enriched by its tangency with the speculative .
Here ’s another great time - travel movie , in which a man is at war with himself in a kind of sound reflection of Twelve Monkeys . Once again , Bruce Willis goes back in time — but in this universe , you may really change the time to come through your activeness in the past . ( As proved by a horrific mutilation scene early on in the film . ) Willis wants to doctor his mistakes by rewrite history , but finds out that it ’s not that elementary . The conversion from the citified first half to the countrified second one-half is beautiful and marks a faulting in our agreement of the motion picture ’s tarradiddle as a whole .
We dithered about whether to include this film , because it ’s sort of a flawed gemstone . But it ’s also a hugely of import flick about our family relationship with technology and how our devices are alter us and making us both impertinent and more pendant . In a future where your smartphone really is impertinent than you are , what does it mean to fall in love with your technology ? And can that engineering really love us back , the way we need it to ?
And here ’s a sort of companion slice to Looper and Twelve Monkeys — the Spierig Brothers took Robert A. Heinlein ’s classic , definining floor of time travel and transformation , and actually contend to turn it into a powerful , satisfying moving picture . What make this film more than just the ingenious closed - loop time travelling scenario its title implies is the intense carrying into action from Sarah Snook as the “ Unwed Mother . ”
Like Galaxy Quest , this is a blank comedy that negociate to be a with child space moving-picture show in its own right wing . The “ group of misfit have to ring together to stop a cosmic terror ” storyline has rarely been capture in such a thrilling , and heart - break fashion . This motion-picture show somehow makes an assortment of uncanny puppet , include a raccoon and a tree , sense more pictorial and personally relevant than most flick handle to make flesh - and - origin humankind .
Like Her , this is a vital film about our relationship with technology , and it asks the key question that we ’re all struggling with in our Twitterpated earned run average . In this case , or else of a smartphone in erotic love , it ’s an android who ’s irresistibly beautiful and vulnerable . A human beings goes to a hole-and-corner A.I. lab in the middle of nowhere to meet a machine that can think for itself — not realizing that he , not she , is the experiment .
And eventually , we just saw a make fresh science fiction masterpiece . Like Gravity ( which we almost included on this leaning as well ) this is a bestial , immersive celluloid about surviving off from Earth . But it ’s also a wonderful celebration of the ingenuity and cleverness of a man who ’s stranded alone on Mars and has to figure out how to subsist by his wits alone . The humor and desperation make this motion-picture show a rollercoaster ride , as much as its thrilling visuals .
extra reportage by Mary Ratliff . Thanks also to Alasdair Wilkins , Meredith Woerner , Wes Siler , Jamie Condliffe , Jennifer Ouellette , George Dvorsky , Andrew Liptak , Darren Orf , Germain Lussier , Matt Novak , Carlos Rebato , Kaila Hale - Stern , Cheryl Eddy , Brent Rose , Maddie Stone , Carlos Zahumensky , Diane Kelly , Attila Nagy and Mario Aguilar for the prompting !
A rendering of this listing first seem in 2010 .
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